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Ludvík Vaculík
Ludvík Vaculík (:ˈludviːk ˈvatsuˌliːk) (23 July 1926 – 6 June 2015) was a Czech writer and journalist. He was born in Brumov, Moravian Wallachia. A prominent samizdat writer, he was best known as the author of the "Two Thousand Words" manifesto of June 1968.
==Pre-1968==
President of Czechoslovakia and Communist Party leader Antonín Novotný and his fellow conservatives had begun taking a more repressive approach toward intellectuals and writers after the Six Day War〔R.J. Crampton, ''Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – and After'', 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997), 323.〕 of June 1967. The following month, Vaculík, then still a member of the Communist Party, attended the Fourth Congress of the Union of Writers. Others in attendance included communists Pavel Kohout, Ivan Klíma, and Milan Kundera, as well as non-Party member Václav Havel.〔Hans Renner, ''A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945'', trans. Evelien Hurst-Buist (New York: Routledge, 1989), 39.〕 Vaculík made an inflammatory speech in which he rejected the leading role of the party as unnecessary and criticized it for its restrictive cultural policies and failure to address social issues.〔Crampton, ''Eastern Europe'', 323.〕 Havel recalled the mixed response of the fellow writers to Vaculík's remarks: on the one hand, they were “delighted that someone had spoken the truth… but () delight was tempered by doubts about whether direct confrontation on the political level would lead anywhere, and by fears that it could stimulate a counterattack by the power center.”〔Václav Havel, ''Disturbing the Peace: A Conversation with Karel Hvížďala'', trans. Paul Wilson (New York:Knopf, 1990), 85.〕 Novotný and his supporters did indeed try to bring the writers' union under their control after the congress, but failed.〔 Vaculík's and other writers' speeches at the conference, with their anti-Novotný sentiments, increased the gap between the conservative Novotný supporters and more moderate members of the party leadership,〔Renner, ''History of Czechoslovakia'', 39.〕 a division that would contribute to Novotný's eventual fall.
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